Peer Reviewed Source on Underaged Drinking in Latin America

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Epidemiology of Booze Consumption and Related Problems In Latin American Countries: contributions of Psychology

Mariana Cremonte

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Deán Funes 3250, Cuerpo Five, Nivel III, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina

Maria Ayelén Biscarra

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Deán Funes 3250, Cuerpo Five, Nivel 3, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina

Karina Conde

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Deán Funes 3250, Cuerpo V, Nivel III, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentine republic

Cheryl J. Cherpitel

Alcohol Enquiry Grouping, 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite #400, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA

Abstract

Booze consumption is the leading risk factor for morbi-mortality in many Latin American Countries. Even so, epidemiologic studies are relatively scarce. Amidst factors such as express research capacity, disciplinary traditions and an emphasis on psychopathology inside the field of psychology, take been postulated to account for this. The aim of this paper is to review epidemiologic inquiry on alcohol in Spanish Speaking Latin American Countries, and to measure the contribution of psychology to the field. A systematic search was performed in English and Spanish using regional and international information bases. We identified 269 articles. Well-nigh focused on consumption patterns in youth, with samples from a single school and using a variety of measures. With the exception of multinational efforts like ERCAAP or those supported by WHO/PAHO, studies reviewed reflected little cantankerous country collaboration. Mexico accounted for most of the productivity, while many countries had very few or no articles. Most inquiry was performed by health scientific discipline researchers with a small contribution from psychology, simply which increased significantly over fourth dimension. The results of this review provide a broad identification of patterns regarding epidemiologic research on alcohol, and demonstrate the need for national scientific policies to promote inquiry on public health topics.

Keywords: epidemiology, booze, Latin America, psychology, review

Booze consumption causes over xxx conditions or diseases listed in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), (WHO, 1992). Those conditions are wholly attributable to alcohol and would non occur were alcohol removed (significant alcohol is a necessary cause), for example, fetal alcohol syndrome and alcoholic polyneuropathy. Alcohol consumption also contributes to over 200 diseases. Chronic weather in which alcohol consumption plays a part as a sufficient component cause include depression, several types of cancer (due east.yard. rima oris, pharynx, larynx, breast), epilepsy, some forms of cardiovascular disease, and tuberculosis; while the primary acute conditions linked to booze are intentional (McDonald et al., 2005) and non-intentional injuries (Rehm et al., 2010). Alcohol'due south role every bit a component cause means that its removal may result in disease prevention with a significant affect on public wellness (Rothman & Greenland, 2005). Furthermore, although alcohol may accept beneficial effects, from a public health perspective alcohol drinking has a detrimental effect, causing a considerable part of the global burden of disease (Rehm et al., 2010).

There are two main dimensions of alcohol consumption that accept a relevant bear upon on wellness (Shield, Parry & Rehm, 2013), book of drinking (ofttimes measured equally average quantity per capita during a sure period of time) and pattern of drinking (ofttimes measured every bit some combination of frequency and quantity of drinking). Because both dimensions vary widely across dissimilar cultures and contexts, along with other factors that together result in disease outcomes, the role of alcohol in the health status of a population also differs profoundly according to the country or region. One way to measure the affect of a take a chance gene (such as booze consumption), in the wellness condition of a region and/or population is by Disability Adjusted Life Years (DAYLs), which is an index combining years of good for you life lost to a disease status or an early expiry.

Studies comparison the impact of alcohol consumption with other risk factors (such as high blood force per unit area, or tobacco smoking) in terms of DALYs, have found that in some Latin American countries alcohol consumption is the leading hazard factor, causing over ten.0% of the DAYLs in the region, surpassing the global charge per unit of 4.iv % (Monteiro, 2007). Alcohol is besides the leading cause of death for males aged fifteen to 49 (Monteiro, 2007). Moreover, information technology is increasing for females, going from 5th identify in 1990 to fourth in 2010 for the Latin America and Caribbean area region, and reaching 3rd identify in some parts, like the Andean region (IHME, 2013).

Given the significant impact of booze consumption on public health, the study of booze-related behaviors is a relevant part of epidemiological research globally. However, despite alcohol consumption constituting the leading gamble factor for morbidity and mortality in Latin American countries, epidemiological studies on alcohol appear to be relatively deficient in many of these countries. Some authors have suggested that besides structural factors such every bit reduced research capacity in low and heart income countries, other factors, not necessarily sectional to Latin American countries, might besides come up into play. Among these is contest for national and international resource and funding with neurobiology inquiry, in what has been called the biomedicalization of the field (Midanik & Room 2005), too as disciplinary traditions (Borges, Medina Mora, López-Moreno, 2004), such as placing a potent emphasis on psychopathology within the field of psychology, in lieu of a broader socio-epidemiologic public health or community perspective. Some authors (Dohrenwend, 1994; Saforcada, de Lellis, & Mozobancyk, 2010) have chosen attention to the fact that despite the prominence of quantifiable indicators in psychopathology (and mental health in general) in the field of psychology, the involvement of psychologists in epidemiological and public wellness approaches is non nearly as developed. Public wellness enquiry based on epidemiological techniques and analytical methods is essential to inform public policy makers, allowing them to prioritize needs, guide allocation of resources, and measure the impact of policies and other customs-level interventions.

Despite the need of epidemiological studies to inform policy makers, and the potential contribution psychologists tin can make to informing public policies, it is not clear if the situation enunciated by Dohrenwend twenty years ago has reverted, and if so, to what extent. Thus, the aim of this paper is twofold, first, to narrate published epidemiological research on alcohol consumption in Spanish speaking Latin American countries; and, second, to measure the relative contribution of psychology researchers to the field, comparing their contributions to those from other disciplinary fields. The specific objectives are:

To characterize epidemiological inquiry on booze in Spanish speaking Latin American countries providing an overview of methods, dimensions of alcohol consumption studied, and main enquiry topics.

To determine in which Spanish speaking Latin American countries epidemiological inquiry on booze is conducted, and the most productive countries.

To place in which journals epidemiological studies on alcohol from Castilian speaking Latin America are existence published, those journals publishing the bulk of this research, and whether they are specialty journals or broader disciplinary journals.

To make up one's mind which disciplines contributed the well-nigh to epidemiological inquiry on booze in Spanish speaking Latin America; the relative contributions from psychology, and if this has changed over time.

Method

Search Strategy

Systematic search techniques were used. A search for empirical articles published between January 2004 and January 2014 was performed in the international data bases Scopus, Psycinfo, Pubmed, and in the regional Dialnet, Lilacs y Scielo. The following descriptors and operators and their translation into Spanish were used: (booze[Championship]) AND (consumption OR disorders OR use OR intake[Title/Abstract]) AND (Argentina OR Bolivia OR Chile OR Colombia OR Costa Rica OR Cuba OR Ecuador OR El Salvador OR Guatemala OR Honduras OR México OR Nicaragua OR Panama OR Paraguay OR Republic of peru OR Dominican Republic OR Uruguay OR Venezuela[Title/Abstract]). Spanish speaking Latin America was considered as comprising all the countries in the Americas where the Spanish language is spoken (and includes three Caribbean area countries). The search and content analysis were conducted in Spanish and English.

Choice criteria

An article was included if information technology met the following criteria: it was an empirical study, focused on alcohol, and could exist regarded as epidemiological. An article was considered epidemiological if it included whatever of the following: a. prevalence or incidence of an alcohol-related beliefs (use, intake, consumption, related problems, employ disorders); b. clan or outcome measures of any alcohol-related behaviors with whatsoever other characteristic or variable (eastward.g. relative risk of a sexually transmitted disease if having an alcohol use disorder); c. relative impact measures regarding any alcohol-related behavior; d. population trends of any alcohol-related behavior; or east. public impact of prevention measures, such every bit policies or an intervention designed to target an alcohol-related beliefs. If in doubt regarding the criteria, the article was included to achieve comprehensive coverage of all relevant articles.

Once the articles or their abstracts were retrieved, duplications were identified and eliminated, along with those papers that did not correspond an epidemiological perspective on the topic, or that otherwise did not meet inclusion criteria. Each selected paper was reviewed and through document analysis the major themes/focus of inquiry were identified. Additionally, the following data was extracted in order to perform bibliometric analyses: written report design, type of sample, dimension of alcohol consumption included; twelvemonth of publication; journal name and type (disciplinary field, and whether it was a specialty periodical or a more broad disciplinary periodical); authors affiliation and disciplinary field (academic degree and/or institutional affiliation); geographical amalgamation; language of publication; and number of times the commodity had been cited.

Coding and inter-rater reliability

2 researchers (MAB and KC) coded the data. Initially, the first (past alphabetical society) twenty five articles were independently coded by each coder and used to estimate the caste of inter-rater agreement. Cohen´s Kappa coefficients (K), Kappa Maximum (KM) and Proportion of Kappa Maximum (PKM) were calculated on four variables. Coefficients were as follows: for disciplinary field K .71, KM .86, PKM .83; for geographic location: 1000 1; for study design K .71, KM .xc, PKM .79; for sample blazon K.86, KM i, PKM .86. The remainder of the articles was divided amongst the coders and coded independently. Non-cyclopedia of coding decisions was resolved through discussion.

The chief focus of research was in all cases decided through content review and discussion among 3 researches (MAB, KC, MC).

Data analysis

To analyze the number of citations for each document Google Scholar was used (Harzing, & van der Wal, 2008). Bibliometric analyses were performed through descriptive statistics. Main research topics (focus of research) were identified inductively through document assay, with special attention to what was stated as the article'southward main objective. The main disciplinary field of outset authors was adamant through bookish degrees; in the few cases where the disciplinary field of first authors could not be determined, the disciplinary field of the first author's institution was used. The productivity of each country was determined past the geographical affiliation of the starting time author. The country in which the epidemiological research on alcohol was conducted was determined past the country in which the sample was fatigued.

Results

The initial search resulted in 857 articles. After eliminating duplicates and those non meeting inclusion criteria, 269 articles remained and are the articles analyzed here. Figure 1 summarizes the literature search.

Flowchart of reviewed articles on epidemiology of alcohol consumption in Castilian Speaking Latin America.

Inquiry methods

The vast bulk (94%) of manufactures reported a cross-sectional study design; merely a very small fraction (3%) were longitudinal, and one study (the term study used in this paper refers to an article, even though some studies may be reported in more ane article) employed qualitative methodology.

Slightly over half of the studies (57%) used a probability sample; the rest used either non-probability samples (15%), or did not provide sufficient information to brand this decision (27%).

The large bulk of articles (over 80%) reported some form of drinking pattern, either drinking vs abstaining, quantity, frequency, or a combination of both (i.eastward. frequent risky drinking). A modest fraction of articles focused on drinking bug, alcohol use disorder (AUD), or age of drinking onset. Most of the manufactures measuring AUD did and so using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Inspect) (Saunders, Aasland, Babor, de la Fuente, & Grant, 1993).

Focus of research

The major themes or focus of research are listed and described in Table ane. The articles were grouped into the following categories: 1) Articles presenting population level information (at least at the city level). These totaled 18% and virtually half focused on youth. 2) Articles focusing on youth. This category comprised articles that evaluated consumption, about often in relation to some other variable, in a single school or university, and presented prevalence or clan measures. This category was the nigh numerous, comprising 33% of the full. 3) Manufactures focusing on special populations (19%). These included a wide variety of sub-populations, nigh often presenting prevalence estimates, or association with some other variable. 4) Articles focusing on violence (seven%). Most of these addressed domestic violence, followed past gender violence, and presented associations between some consumption mensurate and self-reported violence. 5) Articles on injuries (8%). Virtually of these reported association measures and were based on 3 international collaborative projects ¹ 6) Articles focusing on the association betwixt consumption and a specific illness, or risk of mortality given consumption and a affliction or condition (viii%). Nearly frequent of these was liver disease (three manufactures). 7) Manufactures linking genetics to a consumption variable or AUD (2%). 8) Articles examining the operation or prevalence of AUD diagnostic criteria (2%). nine) Articles describing characteristics of persons in treatment for AUD (ii%).

Tabular array 1

Clarification of inquiry focus on epidemiology of alcohol in Spanish Speaking Latin American countries, N=269

Focus of enquiry	(%)	Clarification
Population level data	nineteen	Many articles from Mexico. Virtually (due north 23) in youth, nigh of them (due north xv) in schools. Several multicentric, some focus also on gender (GENACIS). 3 articles presented bear upon measures (booze impact in mortality).
Children, adolescents or immature adults	33	Many (northward 34) in academy or high schoolhouse students (north 28). Most presented data on prevalence of some booze consumption variable other than apply disorders, (i.due east. book or frequency, excessive drinking, related issues). Many informed the association with another variable. A few on children. Just vi articles included age of drinking onset, these most frequently presented clan measures.
Special populations	nineteen	Most presented drinking prevalence in some sub population. Many in association with other variable/s. Wide variation of sub populations, well-nigh frequent were: poor/marginalized groups, significant women, workers (airline pilots, drivers, factory workers etc), elder, homosexual and bisexual, immigrants, prisoners, people from an Original Nation, Emergency Department patients, travelers.
Violence	vii	Virtually articles presented prevalence data or association/correlation data. Near frequent topics were domestic violence (i on meaning women), followed by gender violence, and two on child maltreatment. Few others were on general violence or violence in relation to sexual orientation.
Injuries	eight	Most on Emergency Room settings, nearly presented association measures, many multicentric (ERCAAP or Alcohol Emergency Room Collaborative Projects). Data on non intentional injuries, intentional past violence and self harm (suicide attempts). Three articles were specific on suicidal beliefs, ii on transit injuries, two on severity of injuries, one on homicides, one on elderberry.
Disease/other organic conditions	8	Most presented association measures between consumption and an organic outcome, others on mortality. Wide variation of diseases, most frequent were liver disease (n 3), adverse child outcomes given prenatal exposure (north two), HIV (n 2), oral lesions (n two) and chest cancer (n two).
Genetics	2	Three were in relation to drinking effect (consumption or AUD), the rest in relation to alcohol related disease liver disease, gastric cancer, and bipolar disorder (this likewise included AUD).
ICD-DSM Diagnostic criteria	2	The topics were: prevalence of AUD according to a diagnostic system, severity of AUD, prevalence or performance of criteria.
Treatment population	2	Most described characteristics (severity of AUD, other psychopathology, sociodemographics, etc.) of persons in booze treatment or seeking handling.

Geographical distribution

Based on the location of the first writer, five countries comprised most of the productivity on the topic, with Mexico producing almost half (43%) of that published for the catamenia, followed by Republic of colombia (xx%), Argentina (11%), Chile (vii%) and Peru (7%), with the remainder of the countries accounting for very small fractions, or none of the productivity.

However, in that location were 53 articles (xx%) with samples from one of the Spanish speaking Latin American (SsLA) countries reviewed whose first author was from a non-LA land, virtually often the USA. The geographical distribution of the studies reviewed in terms of the geographical location of the samples is shown in Effigy 2. The countries with less than five epidemiologic articles on booze consumption were Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,, Republic of honduras, Panama, Paraguay, and Venezuela.

Geographical distribution of samples of epidemiology studies on alcohol in Spanish speaking Latin America.

Only a small minority of manufactures (12%) involved a sample from more than one country, reflecting a collaborative endeavor. Of those, 49% were based on either the ERCAAP, WHO or PAHO projection on booze and injuries (for information near the ERCAAP meet: Cherpitel et al., 2003; and for ERCAAP and WHO/PAHO see: Cherpitel et al., 2013), 22% on collaboration betwixt United mexican states and the USA, 18% on the GENACIS ² projection (for data about GENASIS see: www.genacis.org; Obot, Room, GENACIS & WHO, 2005); and the remaining few on collaborative efforts other than those from the big multinational studies.

Venues of publication

The 269 articles were published in 140 journals. The ones with the largest number of articles were Salud Pública de México (Public Wellness of Mexico) (8%), Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem (Latin American Periodical of Nursing, from Brazil) (6%) and Salud Mental (Mental Wellness, from Mexico) (6%). We found an equal distribution of publications in specialty journals and in disciplinary journals, with 48% of the articles published in disciplinary journals (11% corresponding to psychology journals), and the remainder in specialty journals as follows: 21% in alcohol/drugs journals, 15% in public health/epidemiology journals, and 14% in other specialty journals. Psychology researchers were as probable to publish in psychology journals (38%) or in booze/drug journals (xl%), and less likely to publish in other disciplinary journals (16%) or in public health/epidemiology journals (8%).

The most frequent language of publication was Spanish (64%) relative to English (36%). However, when the bear on of the studies was considered, articles in English tended to receive more citations than those in Castilian (English language: M =17.20, SD= 41.fifteen CI 95% eight.86-25-53; Spanish: Yard=10.39, SD =16.15 CI 95% vii.96–12.81).

Contribution by disciplines

The vast majority (74%) of articles was produced by wellness science (mostly medicine) researchers, followed by psychologists (18%), social scientists (vi%), and other disciplines (2%). While psychologists' relative contribution to productivity was pocket-sized, it has been increasing over time (Effigy 3). Results from a logistic regression show that the probability that an article was produced by a psychology researcher compared to a wellness science researcher in the SsLA countries reviewed here has increased by 20% per year since 2004 (OR 1.xx (1.06–1.36) p= .004).

Time progression of number of publications on epidemiology of alcohol in Spanish speaking Latin American countries.

Discussion

Our results ostend that epidemiological studies on alcohol are still scarce in Latin American countries, with the exception of Brazil (which had a large number of articles, excluded from this review) and Mexico. Not simply were these 2 countries the near productive in the region, past far, but the three journals publishing the largest number of articles on the topic were from the aforementioned two countries. This finding is not surprising, as Brazil accounts for over one-half the investment in inquiry and development in the Latin American region, followed by Mexico and Argentine republic (Becerra-Posada, Menayo, Guantal, & de Haan, 2014; RICYT, 2013). These three countries stand for 90% of the investment in the entire region, and our findings of uneven productivity of articles on this topic among SsLA countries seem to exist in direct relation to their investment in inquiry and development. Notwithstanding, our results may likewise point to some differences among countries related to factors other than their inquiry developmental level. Specifically, nosotros institute Mexico to accept a much larger productivity in alcohol epidemiology than Argentine republic, despite both countries having an overall like number of publications indexed in Medline in the terminal years (RICYT, 2013), and may indicate differences in enquiry traditions and/or national research priorities. A report exploring public funding for health research in 5 Latin American countries found that topics prioritized by public funding exercise non necessary correlate with the countries´ public health priorities. For instance, in Argentina over 80% of public funding for health research was allocated to the biomedical field, while the other areas, including public health, receiving altogether less than twenty% (Maceira, Paraje, Aramayo, Masi, & Sánchez, 2010). Thus, differences in epidemiological inquiry productivity on booze amidst countries may not but exist attributed to a state´s investment in inquiry and research capacity, but also to national inquiry priorities (whether explicit or not), and enquiry traditions within disciplinary fields.

With the exception of some large multinational collaborative efforts, specifically the ERCAAP, the WHO and PAHO Studies on Alcohol and Injury, and the GENACIS, all carried out through international endeavors, multinational collaboration was almost absent-minded. Large scale (national or even city level) studies were as well scarce, with the majority of articles describing small telescopic studies. This finding highlights the importance of the in a higher place mentioned institutions (WHO, and in item PAHO) in generating collaborative networks and opportunities that include a more than various range of countries (countries that otherwise would have little or no data on alcohol), and calling to the attending of researchers and policy makers the important topic of alcohol consumption and the need to publish in indexed journals. However, the large number of manufactures with SsLA country samples merely a nonLatin American country starting time author, may betoken a gap between leadership in publication and research focused on countries with a low level of research development.

The vast bulk of manufactures focused on alcohol consumption patterns in youth, with samples drawn from a single school or academy. Very few studies addressed other booze-related variables, such every bit age of drinking onset or AUD. There was a variety of measures used to evaluate consumption and to allocate drinking patterns, making comparisons amid studies, regions and countries hard. While alcohol consumption is a circuitous, multidimensional behavior, the demand to develop and utilise standardized measures to appraise drinking and related problems cannot be overemphasized. Reaching a consensus among researchers for a minimum prepare of culturally and psychometrically audio criteria would allow for comparability of results and surveillance, and somewhen for clinical exercise. The level of networking and communication amongst researchers is also related to the research capacity of a given discipline and/or land, underscoring the need to foster epidemiological alcohol research through policies that prioritize investigation on this topic, besides as other topics of relevance to public health.

Findings hither demonstrated that the largest contribution in this field was from medical sciences researchers. The relative contribution of psychology researchers (and researchers from other disciplines) to booze epidemiological inquiry was express, although increased over time. Yet, it could non exist determined whether this increase reflects an increase in contribution to the alcohol epidemiology field or is associated with the increase in the numbers of SsLA psychologists publishing in indexed journals. Nevertheless, this finding indicates an increase in visibility of SsLA psychologists' contributions to the field. If we sympathise health as a effect of genetic, biologic, psychic, socio-cultural and other environmental processes, information technology is clear contributions from all the disciplines dealing with those aspects are required to truly accelerate epidemiology (understood equally a converging interdisciplinary field dealing with the causes and distribution of health processes and related outcomes, such every bit alcohol consumption and related harms) and its practical associated field, public health. Specifically, contributions betwixt psychology and epidemiology could be understood as a twofold dynamic. For ane side psychology has contributed to the epidemiology of alcohol consumption and related bug in numerous ways. Among them and chiefly, providing analytic technics and methods to improve measurements. For instance within medical traditions sensitivity and specificity (both specific measures of validity) tend to exist widely employed, however, psychology'south well developed psychometry traditions have contributed past providing ways to appraise other aspects of the used measures, such equally their dimensionality, internal consistency, temporal stability and item discrimination. On the theoretical sphere, psychology has fabricated significant contributions to epidemiology, many of them to the etiology of alcohol consumption related behaviors and disorders. Several models of maintenance and change of health beliefs have been proposed, and some successfully applied to alcohol related behaviors. Similarly, psychology has fruitfully provided to the expanse of individual and customs level intervention. For instance brief interventions for alcohol problems (a procedure consisting on a very brusk session with a trained interventionist proved constructive in reducing alcohol problems) typically draw from motivational interview techniques and motivational theories. Despite these contributions, as our results point out (i.e. disciplinary fields and focus of research), psychology involvement is still deficient, with a potential of contribution which is non being fulfilled. For instance, in the methodologic dimension much could be gained with the use of the relatively new implicit measures, which in many aspects could overcome some limitations of cocky-report measures, especially on sensitive topics (such every bit drink and driving). On the noun side, studies on alcohol brief intervention could exist advanced past drawing on the developments within psychotherapeutic research on what constitute constructive components, such as therapeutic alliance, therapeutic style, cognitive dissonance, alter talk, etc. On the other side, and as stated earlier, epidemiological techniques and belittling methods are essential to inform public policy. Psychology scientific developments could more than hands be translated and disseminated to the general public and policy makers and thus have a social impact, if psychologists were to employ and demonstrate the public wellness weight of its discoveries. Nosotros believe the potential contribution of psychology to the public sphere will be undermined unless within this disciplinary framework, attending is given to measures that could strengthen psychologists´ noesis and enquiry capacity in epidemiology and public health.

Although much of the literature was published in Spanish, publications in English received a greater number of citations. While this may exist due to reaching a larger audience and/or one that tends to publish more than, there is also testify from the habit field that articles from developing countries tend to have fewer citations than those from more adult countries, regardless of other factors such equally methodologic integrity or overall quality, and has been attributed to a possible bias against such inquiry, highlighting hegemony of the U.s. in the research field (West & McIIwaine, 2002).

Some limitations to this review must be noted. First, given the large number of articles resulting from the search, data were collapsed which resulted in the loss of some information. Additionally, many manufactures included multiple epidemiological aspects, and/or more than one dimension of alcohol consumption. In those cases but the dimension that appeared most relevant in terms of the paper'due south objective was included. Although nosotros performed the searches in English language and Spanish, and in international as well as regional data bases, only indexed articles were accessed. Many national and other governmental drug agencies may have empirical studies that were not published and thus, not included. Finally, it should be noted that we may have been overly inclusive regarding application of the criteria for because a written report as epidemiological. Our results may thus be biased towards an overestimation of the number of articles on the topic.

Despite these limitations, this review provided a wide identification of patterns regarding epidemiological research on alcohol in Castilian speaking Latin American countries. Specifically, information technology provided show documenting the scarcity (or even absence) of epidemiological studies on alcohol in many Latin American countries, despite its importance as the leading factor for affliction and death in these same countries. Our results also identified gaps in the epidemiological research which could be amended with a deeper involvement of researchers from psychology and other disciplines into the topic, such as including other areas of interest (e.yard. role of the social network in the consumption and related problems) and other methods of evaluation (such as indirect methods). Based on our results the following recommendations can be fabricated: future endeavors should address under explored topics, such as alcohol related problems (east.g. harm to others, use disorders); should be oriented to mayhap fewer, but methodologically sound (i.eastward. probabilistic samples) and larger scale studies; apply psychometric and culturally valid measures, thus assuasive for cantankerous state comparisons; should consider a wider scope of approaches (such equally multimethod research, the utilise of both direct and indirect measures, the inclusion of psychological and socio contextual measures). Basically, it highlighted the need of national scientific policies to promote epidemiological research on alcohol, and other topics with a high public health touch on. Finally, it demonstrated the importance of multinational agencies such as WHO, PAHO and others in fostering cross-national collaborative inquiry among countries, and edifice enquiry chapters in one of the areas most relevant and of import to public health in the Latin American region.

Acknowledgments

This article was carried out with funding from CONICET, and Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina. The article was also supported, in part, by a grant from the U.Due south. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (R01 2 AA013750).

Footnotes

Authors' contributions:

Mariana Cremonte adult the chief idea, the data analysis plan, and was responsible for drafting the manuscript. María Ayelén Biscarra and Karina Conde nerveless the data, participated in the information analysis, and reviewed the content of the manuscript. Cheryl J. Cherpitel collaborated with the development of the idea and performed a critical review of the manuscript, improving the content quality.

¹ERCAAP: Emergency Room Collaborative Booze Analysis Project; WHO: the World Wellness System (WHO) Collaborative Study on Alcohol and Injury; and PAHO: the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Study on Alcohol and Injury.

ⁱⁱGENACIS: Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International Study.

Correspondent Data

Mariana Cremonte, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Deán Funes 3250, Cuerpo V, Nivel Iii, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Maria Ayelén Biscarra, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Deán Funes 3250, Cuerpo 5, Nivel III, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Karina Conde, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Deán Funes 3250, Cuerpo Five, Nivel Iii, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Cheryl J. Cherpitel, Alcohol Enquiry Group, 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite #400, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.

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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5337453/

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